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Habanero Systems is a supplier of quality casino games focused on developing award-winning slot and table games using HTML5 technology. Their portfolio includes a wide range of 150+ games designed for online and land-based casinos, serving diverse global markets with engaging and innovative gaming content.

What type of casino software is this product (online casino platform, land-based casino management, sportsbook, etc.)?

Game provider and software developer specializing in online casino games, including slots, video poker, and table games.

What is the primary purpose and target market of this product?

The primary purpose of Habanero Systems' products is to provide entertaining, high-quality casino games with rich graphics and engaging features to online and land-based casino operators targeting global gambling markets.

Which specific gambling verticals does this product serve?

The provider serves online casino and land-based casino verticals, specializing in slot games, table games, and video poker.

Is this product designed for B2B or B2C operations?

Habanero operates primarily on a B2B business model, supplying integrated games and gaming solutions to online and land-based casino operators.

What makes this product unique in the market?

Habanero is unique for its quick decision-making agility as a smaller provider, allowing faster game development and client response. It offers multiple RTP options per game, configurable jackpots, multi-currency and multi-language support including cryptocurrencies, all with games optimized for mobile and desktop via HTML5.

What is the name of the company that developed this product?

Habanero Systems

In what year was the company founded?

Established in 2010, with a significant investor acquisition in 2012 that accelerated growth.

In which countries is the company registered?

Registered in Malta with additional operations in other jurisdictions. Licensed in Malta, the UK, Curacao, and certified in over 16 jurisdictions globally.

Where is the main office located and are there regional offices?

Primary offices are located in Malta, Johannesburg (South Africa), Manila (Philippines), Kiev (Ukraine), and Sofia (Bulgaria).

How many years has this product been on the market?

Operating for approximately 15 years since 2010, consistently delivering new games and expanding market reach.

How many employees work on this product's development?

Approximately 70-200 employees, including developers, designers, and support staff.

What languages is this product's interface available in?

Supports 28+ interface languages to accommodate diverse player bases worldwide.

Does this product support localization for different regions?

Offers extensive regional localization capabilities including multi-language support, multiple currencies (including crypto), and market-specific regulatory compliance.

What is the company's mission and philosophy?

To develop high-quality, engaging casino games that exceed client expectations while providing entertainment with simplicity, agility, and excellent customer support.

Is the company publicly traded or privately held?

Privately held company with European investor backing since 2012.

What awards and certifications has this product received?

Recipient of industry awards such as Asia Gaming Awards nominations for Best Online Supplier and Best Mobile Solution; certified by testing authorities including iTech Labs and BMM Testlabs.

Does the company participate in professional gambling industry associations?

Participates in professional gambling associations to maintain compliance and standards, though specific memberships are generally consistent with certified providers in Malta, UK, and Asian markets.

What are the main milestones in this product's development history?

Founded in 2010; acquired by European investors in 2012; expanded globally including Asia and Europe; certification in 16+ jurisdictions; continuous monthly new game releases averaging about 12 games per year.

Are there plans for IPO or investment attraction for the company?

No publicly disclosed IPO plans; company growth driven by private investments and strategic partnerships.

Does the company offer partner programs for integrators?

Offers partner and integration programs providing API access and technical support for seamless integration of its gaming portfolio.

What is the company's corporate social responsibility approach?

Engages in responsible business practices aligned with market regulations, though specific programs are not prominently disclosed.

Does the company support responsible gambling initiatives?

Supports responsible gambling initiatives through compliance with regulatory frameworks and features that enable operators to implement responsible gaming tools.

What environmental standards does the company follow?

No specific environmental standards publicly disclosed; industry best practices generally encourage minimizing environmental impact through digital operations.

Does the company offer training and certification programs for users of this product?

Provides technical and business support for operators, including game integration assistance but no widely published formal training or certification programs.

What is the product development strategy for the next 5 years?

Focuses on continuous content expansion, mobile optimization, enhanced player engagement features, regional market compliance, and leveraging new gaming technologies like HTML5.

Are there plans to expand this product to new geographical markets?

Targets expansion primarily in Europe and Asia, with growing presence in regulated markets such as Malta, UK, and various Asian jurisdictions.

Does the company have research and development departments?

Maintains dedicated research and development teams focused on game design, platform enhancements, and technology integration.

Does the company support startups and innovative projects?

No public information on direct support for startups; focus remains on B2B partnerships with established operators.

What is this product's market share in its segment?

Holds a recognized position among mid-sized iGaming providers with a growing presence in Asia and Europe; strong portfolio with 100+ games.

Who are the main competitors of this product?

Competitors include Pragmatic Play, Microgaming, NetEnt, Play’n GO, and Red Tiger.

What is this product's competitive advantage?

Agile decision-making, fast game development cycle, multiple RTP and jackpot configurations, strong regional certifications, and multi-currency support including cryptocurrencies.

Which geographical regions does this product currently serve?

Serves Europe, Asia, and parts of Latin America; excludes the US market.

What is the target customer profile for this product?

Online and land-based casino operators looking for a diverse portfolio of engaging and reliable RNG games.

Does this product offer white-label solutions?

Offers white-label solutions and turnkey casino business packages via API integration.

What is the pricing model for this product?

Pricing models are flexible, often based on licensing fees, revenue sharing, or monthly subscriptions depending on operator agreements.

Does this product offer flexible licensing options?

Provides flexible licensing options including direct API integration and turnkey solutions based on operator needs.

What is the go-to-market strategy for this product?

Focuses on strategic partnerships with distributors and casino operators, leveraging quality content and performance-based revenue models.

Does the company have reseller or distributor networks for this product?

Works with distributors and operators like iSoftBet, EveryMatrix, Nektan, and others to reach wide markets.

How many games are included in this product's basic package?

Over 150 games in the portfolio, including more than 100 slots, 13 table games, and 10 video poker titles.

What types of games does this product support (slots, table games, live dealer, etc.)?

Supports slots, table games, video poker; specializes in RNG casino games.

Does this product support live-dealer functionality?

Does not currently provide live dealer games.

Is there support for VR/AR games in this product?

No public information about VR/AR game development or support.

Does this product support tournaments and competitions?

Supports in-game tournaments and competitions through operator-configurable features.

Is there a progressive jackpot system in this product?

Offers configurable jackpots, including progressive jackpot options on select slot games.

Does this product support multiplayer gaming?

No specific multiplayer gaming features widely reported; focus is mainly on single-player RNG games.

Are there social features in this product's games?

Includes social engagement features like in-game stats and leaderboard functionality via operator platforms.

Does this product support player chat functionality?

Does not typically support built-in player chat features within games; operator platforms manage social interaction.

Is there ability to create private tables in this product?

Private tables are not a standard offering given focus on RNG table games.

Does this product support side-bets in card games?

Some card games may support side bet options based on game design and operator integration.

Is there an achievement and rewards system in this product?

Features achievement and rewards systems integrated within games and operator platforms.

Does this product support gamification (levels, experience, badges)?

Supports gamification elements such as badges, levels, and bonus features to enhance player retention.

Is there ability to personalize gaming interface in this product?

Operators can customize aspects such as RTP and jackpots, allowing some degree of interface and gameplay personalization.

Does this product support different game speeds?

Supports different game speeds and autoplay features configurable by operators.

Is there auto-play functionality for slots in this product?

Auto-play functionality is standard for slot games.

Does this product support game history for players?

Operators typically provide game history support; embedded at platform level rather than in-game.

Is there replay functionality for disputed situations in this product?

Replay functions are limited; mainly used for fairness and dispute resolution at the platform level.

Does this product support multiple currencies in games?

Supports multiple currencies including fiat and cryptocurrencies.

Is there real-time currency conversion in this product?

Real-time currency conversion support is available through operator platforms integrating Habanero games.

Does this product support cryptocurrency gaming?

Supports cryptocurrency payments and gameplay in multiple markets.

Is there blockchain technology integration in this product?

No verified information on blockchain technology integration for game mechanics.

What technological platforms is this product based on?

Based on HTML5 technology for cross-platform compatibility across desktop and mobile devices.

Which operating systems does this product support?

Supports all major operating systems including Windows, iOS, Android, and Linux via web browsers.

Does this product support cloud deployment?

Supports cloud deployment for scalability and performance.

Is this product compatible with containerization technologies (Docker, Kubernetes)?

No public details on specific containerization technologies such as Docker or Kubernetes.

Which databases does this product support?

Typically integrated with operator backend databases; no direct information on proprietary database support.

Does this product support microservices architecture?

No explicit information on microservices architecture; commonly adopted in modern platforms for scalability.

What APIs does this product provide for integration?

Provides APIs for seamless game integration with casino platforms.

Does this product support RESTful API?

Supports RESTful APIs for communication and integration.

Is there GraphQL support in this product?

No confirmed information about GraphQL support.

What data formats does this product support for exchange (JSON, XML, etc.)?

Supports industry-standard data formats such as JSON and XML for data exchange.

Does this product support real-time updates?

Enables real-time game updates and statistics via operator platform integration.

Which communication protocols does this product use?

Uses HTTP/HTTPS protocols for web communication; WebSocket for real-time features.

Does this product support WebSocket for online games?

Supports WebSocket technology to enhance real-time interaction and updates.

What are the network bandwidth requirements for this product?

Optimized for low network latency and bandwidth usage suitable for global markets including mobile networks.

Does this product support data caching?

Implements data caching strategies to optimize performance and reduce load times.

Which CDNs does this product support for content delivery?

Supports CDN usage to improve content delivery speed and reliability.

Does this product support load balancing?

Supports load balancing to ensure stable gaming experiences under high concurrent usage.

Does this product support automatic scaling?

Supports automatic scaling based on user demand through cloud infrastructure.

Which monitoring systems are integrated with this product?

Integrated monitoring systems provide performance and system health tracking.

Does this product support centralized logging?

Supports centralized logging for easier issue tracking and auditing.

Which analytics systems are built into this product?

Includes built-in analytics tools accessible to operators for player behavior and performance analysis.

Does this product support A/B testing?

Supports A/B testing capabilities to optimize game features and player engagement.

Is there ability to create sandbox environments in this product?

Provides sandbox environments for game testing and operator integration validation.

Does this product support API versioning?

Supports API versioning for backward compatibility during updates.

What development tools does this product provide?

Offers development tools including SDKs and technical documentation for smooth integration.

Does this product offer SDK for various programming languages?

Provides SDKs primarily for JavaScript/HTML5 environments; other language SDKs not prominently disclosed.

Does this product support automated testing?

Implements automated testing to ensure game quality and stability.

What continuous integration/deployment tools are available for this product?

Uses continuous integration and continuous deployment practices to speed up updates.

Does this product support blue-green deployment?

Employs blue-green deployment strategies to minimize downtime during updates.

Is there rollback capability in case of issues with this product?

Supports rollback procedures to revert to previous stable versions if issues arise.

Which performance monitoring systems are integrated with this product?

Performance monitoring is integrated to ensure reliability and responsiveness.

Does this product support distributed tracing?

No public details regarding distributed tracing support.

Are there built-in profiling tools in this product?

Uses profiling tools internally to optimize game performance.

Does this product support hot-swapping of components?

No clear information on hot-swapping support during live gameplay.

What are the hardware requirements for deploying this product?

Runs on standard server infrastructure compatible with cloud deployment; client-side requires only standard web-capable devices.

Does this product support multi-tenancy?

Supports multi-tenancy allowing one system to serve multiple operators or clients securely.

What is the maximum number of concurrent users this product can handle?

Capable of supporting thousands of concurrent users, scalable through cloud infrastructure.

Does this product support horizontal scaling?

Supports horizontal scaling for load distribution and handling growing user bases.

What are the latency characteristics of this product?

Designed for low latency gameplay with fast response times to support real-time gaming experiences.

Does this product support geographic distribution?

Games and platform operate with geographic redundancy to ensure availability in global markets.

Are there disaster recovery capabilities in this product?

Includes disaster recovery systems to maintain service continuity under adverse conditions.

Does this product support provably fair algorithms?

Games are certified RNG with fairness validated by authorities but no specific provably fair blockchain implementation.

Is there ability to create custom games in this product?

Operators can request custom game development but standard offerings are focused on built portfolio.

Does this product support white-label solutions for games?

Offers white-label casino solutions including game integration and full platform capabilities.

Are there tools for creating promotional campaigns in games within this product?

Provides promotional tools like configurable jackpots, bonus features, and tournament support.

Does this product support seasonal content?

Regularly updates games with seasonal themes and special editions.

Is there ability to update games without downtime in this product?

Supports zero-downtime game updates via modern deployment techniques.

Does this product support different RTP settings?

Offers flexible RTP configurations to tailor games to different regulatory and market requirements.

Is there a volatility system for slots in this product?

Implements configurable volatility settings to meet diverse player preferences.

Does this product support cross-platform gaming (desktop, mobile, tablet)?

Fully cross-platform with HTML5 support for desktop, mobile, and tablet devices.

Is there optimization for different screen sizes in this product?

Games are optimized for multiple screen sizes and orientations, including portrait and landscape modes.

Does this product support offline mode for some games?

No offline mode support; games require internet connectivity.

Is there integration with game engines like Unity/Unreal in this product?

Does not integrate with Unity or Unreal but uses proprietary HTML5 game engine technology.

Does this product support HTML5 for all games?

All games are developed in HTML5 ensuring wide accessibility across devices.

What third-party integrations does this product support?

Supports integration with third-party casino platform providers and aggregators.

Does this product integrate with existing casino management systems?

Compatible with casino management systems through API-based integration.

Are there payment gateway integrations available in this product?

Supports integration with multiple payment gateways via operator platforms.

Does this product support CRM system integrations?

Enables CRM system integration for player management and marketing.

What marketing tools does this product integrate with?

Integrates with marketing tools for promotions, bonuses, and loyalty campaigns.

Does this product support affiliate system integrations?

Supports affiliate program integrations through platform partnerships.

Are there business intelligence tool integrations in this product?

Enables integration with business intelligence tools for in-depth data analysis.

Does this product support compliance and regulatory reporting integrations?

Provides compliance and regulatory reporting functionalities in cooperation with operators.

What user registration methods does this product support?

Supports standard user registration methods via operator platforms.

Does this product support two-factor authentication?

Security features like two-factor authentication are generally operator-platform implemented.

Is there an identity verification system (KYC) in this product?

KYC processes are handled by operators; games integrate with compliant platforms.

Does this product support automated document verification?

Not directly managed by Habanero but integrated via operator systems.

Is there integration with age verification systems in this product?

Age verification compliance enforced at operator level.

Does this product support geolocation verification?

Geolocation tools are applied by operators to comply with regional laws.

Is there a player self-exclusion system in this product?

Supports self-exclusion features through platform integration.

Does this product support deposit and betting limits?

Allows operators to configure deposit and betting limits per jurisdiction.

Are there cooling-off periods supported in this product?

Cooling-off periods can be enabled via operator platform controls.

Does this product support gaming behavior monitoring?

Supports behavior monitoring through analytics tools available to operators.

Are there alerts for suspicious activity in this product?

Provides data and analytics to help operators detect suspicious activity.

Does this product support VIP programs?

Supports VIP program features through operator-managed loyalty systems.

Are there personal managers for VIP players in this product?

Not provided directly by Habanero; managed by casino operators.

Does this product support player segmentation?

Enables player segmentation analytics for marketing personalization.

Is there a loyalty system with point accumulation in this product?

Supports loyalty systems with point accumulation via integration.

Does this product support personalized bonuses?

Operators can configure personalized bonuses leveraging game and platform data.

Is there a referral system in this product?

Referral program support is dependent on operator platform integration.

Does this product support affiliate programs?

Affiliate program support is available through ecosystem partnerships.

Is there CRM system integration in this product?

Compatible with CRM systems integration via API.

Does this product support email marketing?

Integrates with email marketing tools for player outreach.

Are SMS notifications available in this product?

SMS notification support is generally provided through operator platforms.

Does this product support push notifications?

Push notifications are supported via operator marketing tools.

Is there a complaints and support system in this product?

Customer complaints are handled primarily by operators with platform support.

Does this product support live chat with customer support?

Live chat support is provided by casino operators; not directly by Habanero.

Is there a multi-level support system in this product?

Provides multi-level technical support for operators globally.

Does this product support customer service in multiple languages?

Offers multilingual customer and technical support.

Is there a knowledge base for self-service in this product?

Provides knowledge base and documentation for partners and operators.

Does this product support video verification?

Video verification handled by operators, not directly by Habanero.

Does this product support temporary account freezing?

Supports temporary account freezing through operator controls.

Is there a password recovery system in this product?

Password recovery mechanisms are implemented by casino platforms.

Does this product comply with GDPR for user data?

Fully GDPR compliant as part of its regulatory licensing requirements.

Is there a right to data deletion in this product?

Supports user data deletion rights in compliance with GDPR through operator platforms.

Does this product support user data export?

Data export is supported as required by GDPR policies via operator platforms.

Which payment systems are integrated with this product?

Supports wide range of payment methods through integration with operator gateways.

Does this product support bank transfers?

Bank transfers supported via operators’ payment systems.

Is there cryptocurrency payment support in this product?

Supports cryptocurrency payments through integrated platforms.

Does this product support e-wallets?

Compatible with e-wallet payment methods through operator integrations.

Is there mobile payment support in this product?

Supports mobile payment solutions where operators enable.

Does this product support prepaid cards?

Prepaid card payments supported via payment gateway integration.

Is there an instant deposit system in this product?

Instant deposit systems are supported through integrated payment providers.

Does this product support scheduled deposits?

Scheduled deposits support depends on operator payment platform.

Is there a fast withdrawal system in this product?

Enables fast withdrawal processes through operator systems.

Does this product support automated withdrawal processing?

Automated withdrawal processing is handled at the platform/operator level.

Are there limits on deposits and withdrawals in this product?

Configurable deposit and withdrawal limits available to operators.

Does this product support multi-currency operations?

Supports multiple fiat and crypto currencies in gameplay and transactions.

Is there automatic currency conversion in this product?

Real-time automatic currency conversion available through platform integrations.

Does this product support both fiat and cryptocurrencies simultaneously?

Supports simultaneous fiat and cryptocurrency gaming through flexible wallet solutions.

Is there integration with DeFi protocols in this product?

No confirmed integration with DeFi protocols.

Does this product support cryptocurrency staking?

No verified support for cryptocurrency staking.

Is there an escrow system for large transactions in this product?

No public details on escrow support for transactions.

Does this product support multi-signature for crypto payments?

No public details on multi-signature crypto payments.

Is there an anti-money laundering (AML) system in this product?

Complies with anti-money laundering regulations enforced by operators and jurisdictions.

Does this product support automatic transaction screening?

Supports automatic transaction screening through operator platforms.

Is there integration with sanctions lists in this product?

No direct sanctions lists integration disclosed; compliance managed by operators.

Does this product support suspicious activity reporting?

Supports suspicious activity reporting in line with regulatory requirements.

Is there a tax accounting system in this product?

Enables tax accounting compliance through platform and operator cooperation.

Does this product support automatic report generation?

Automates report generation to streamline compliance and business analysis.

Is there integration with tax systems in this product?

Integrates with tax systems as required by regulated markets.

Does this product support transaction fee accounting?

Supports transaction fee accounting where applicable.

Is there a payment reconciliation system in this product?

Payment reconciliation is managed via platform and operator systems.

Does this product support chargeback handling?

Chargeback management supported through operator’s payment processors.

Is there a fraud detection system for payments in this product?

Fraud detection systems integrated with operator platforms.

Does this product support 3D Secure authentication?

Supports 3D Secure authentication via payment gateway integrations.

Is there a credit risk assessment system in this product?

No direct credit risk assessment; operator managed.

Does this product support installment payments?

No public installment payments support.

Is there integration with buy-now-pay-later services in this product?

No known buy-now-pay-later services integration.

Does this product support corporate banking for B2B clients?

No public information on corporate banking support.

Is there an automatic refund system in this product?

Supports automated refunds based on operator system rules.

What security certificates does this product have?

Holds compliance and security certifications relevant to regulated markets.

Does this product support ISO 27001 compliance?

No confirmed ISO 27001 certification publicly disclosed.

Is there PCI DSS certification for this product?

Complies with PCI DSS standards through payment gateway partnerships.

Does this product support GDPR compliance?

Ensures GDPR compliance and data security as per licensing and regulations.

Is there certification from gambling commissions for this product?

Licensed and certified by gambling commissions including Malta Gaming Authority, UKGC, Curacao eGaming, and others.

Does this product support eCOGRA certification?

No explicit eCOGRA certification disclosed but uses reputable test labs like BMM and iTech Labs.

Is there GLI testing for games in this product?

Games are certified and tested by GLI is not explicitly confirmed; primary certifications come from iTech Labs and BMM.

Does this product support iTech Labs certification?

Certified by iTech Labs ensuring fairness and RNG compliance.

Are there regular security audits for this product?

Undergoes regular security audits as part of compliance.

Does this product support penetration testing?

Supports penetration testing to identify and fix security vulnerabilities.

Are there bug bounty programs for this product?

No public bug bounty program disclosed.

Does this product support data encryption at rest?

Implements data encryption at rest to protect sensitive information.

Is there data encryption in transit in this product?

Uses encryption in transit protocols such as HTTPS/TLS.

Does this product support end-to-end encryption?

End-to-end encryption details not publicly specified but industry standard practices are expected.

Is there a key management system in this product?

Likely employs industry-standard key management for encryption.

Does this product support hardware security modules (HSM)?

No explicit hardware security module (HSM) support information available.

Is there an intrusion detection system in this product?

Contains intrusion detection systems to protect platform integrity.

Does this product support DDoS protection?

Provides DDoS protection to ensure availability during attacks.

Are there firewall and WAF protection in this product?

Uses firewall and web application firewall (WAF) protections.

Does this product support rate limiting?

Implements rate limiting to protect against abuse and overload.

Is there a security monitoring system in this product?

Active security monitoring systems are in place.

Does this product support SIEM integration?

No explicit SIEM integration details disclosed.

Are there automatic alerts for incidents in this product?

Enables automatic incident alerts to respond to security events.

Does this product support incident response procedures?

Maintains incident response procedures as part of security governance.

Is there a backup and disaster recovery system in this product?

Backup and disaster recovery systems are implemented to maintain continuity.

Does this product support geographic redundancy?

Supports geographic redundancy for resilience and uptime.

Are there RTO/RPO guarantees for this product?

Not publicly confirmed specific RTO/RPO guarantees but follows industry best practices.

Does this product support business continuity planning?

Business continuity planning is part of company operations.

Is there an access control system in this product?

Employs strict access control to protect sensitive areas of infrastructure.

Does this product support role-based access control?

Role-based access controls are standard practice within the company.

Is there an audit trail for all actions in this product?

Maintains audit trails for all actions to ensure accountability and compliance.

What built-in analytical tools are available in this product?

Offers built-in analytics tools for operators to track gaming performance.

Does this product support real-time analytics?

Supports real-time analytics to monitor player behavior and game metrics.

Are there operator dashboards in this product?

Provides operator dashboards for game and player management.

Does this product support custom reports?

Enables custom report generation for operational and regulatory needs.

Is there automatic report generation in this product?

Automates report generation to streamline compliance and business analysis.

Does this product support scheduled reporting?

Supports scheduled reporting for regular updates.

Is there data export in various formats from this product?

Data export possible in formats like CSV, XML, and JSON for operator use.

Does this product support data mining functionality?

Enables data mining features for player behavior and revenue management.

Is there predictive analytics in this product?

Uses predictive analytics to assist operators in player retention and revenue optimization.

Does this product support machine learning for analytics?

Employs machine learning analytics to analyze player behavior patterns.

Is there player behavior analytics in this product?

Advanced player behavior analytics are part of the platform offering.

Does this product support cohort analysis?

Supports cohort analysis to help operators segment and target players.

Are there LTV (lifetime value) calculations in this product?

Provides lifetime value (LTV) calculation tools for operators.

Does this product support churn prediction?

Uses analytics to predict player churn and inform marketing strategies.

Are there revenue optimization tools in this product?

Equipped with tools focused on optimizing operator revenues.

What technical support channels are available for this product?

Offers technical support through multiple channels including email, phone, and ticketing systems.

Does this product offer 24/7 technical support?

Provides 24/7 technical support availability to operators.

Is there a multi-level support system for this product?

Employs multi-level support for technical and account assistance.

Does this product support remote diagnostics?

Supports remote diagnostics for faster resolution of technical issues.

Is there on-site support available for this product?

Onsite support generally depends on operator agreements.

Does this product support a ticketing system?

Uses ticketing systems for issue tracking and resolution.

Are there SLA guarantees for support of this product?

Service level agreements (SLAs) are provided to partners to ensure uptime and support standards.

Does this product offer priority support for critical clients?

Offers priority support options for high-value clients.

Are there dedicated support managers for this product?

Provides dedicated account and support managers for key clients.

Does the company offer migration assistance for this product?

Offers migration assistance for operators switching platforms or upgrading systems.